DATA AND INFORMATION

- Definition of Data

Data imply raw, unorganised or unprocessed facts that need to be processed. Data can be something simple or unseemingly random and useless until it is organised.

Types of Data 

Qualitative Data: Qualitative Data is descriptive information (it describes something)

Quantitative Data: Quantitative Data is numerical information (numbers). Quantitative Data can also be discrete or continuous:

Continuous data: can take any value (Within a range). Continuous data is also measured data.

Discrete Data: Discrete data can only take certain values (Like whole numbers). Discrete data is counted data.

Examples of Data

Below are examples of data.

1. Number

2. Name of things, place or animal

3. Words

4. Measurements

5. Observations or

6. Description of things

Sources of Data 

Data can come from different sources depending on the importance of the data. The process of getting data is called data gathering or collection process.

Below are sources of data:

• Television

• Internet

• Articles containing original research data

• Government documents and public records

• Newspaper and magazine clippings

• Textbooks

• Biographies

Definition of Information

Information can be defined as a processed data that is meaningful to the user. Information can be used in the decision making process. Information can be processed or collected in a specific area.

Example of Information

Below are examples of information:

1. Student ID card

2. Weather reports

3. Student report card

4. International passport

5. Utility bills e.g. PHCN

Sources of information

Information can be gotten from:

1. Internet

2. Database

3. Magazine / newspaper

4. Census board

5. Documents

Data handling

Data handling is the process of ensuring that research data is stored, archived or disposed off in a safe and secure manner during and after the conclusion of the research project.

Data handling is important in ensuring the integrity of research data since it addresses concerns related to confidentiality, security and preservation/retention of research data. Proper planning for data handling can also result in efficient and economical storage, retrieval and disposal of data

Some issues to consider when handling data electronically include the following:

1. Protect system and individual files with login and password details.

2. Manage access rights

3. Regularly update virus protection to prevent vulnerability of data

4. Limit physical access to equipments and storage media

5. Accurate data removal from old hardware and certification that the data was removed.

6. Ensure data recoverability in case of emergencies

7. Regularly update electronic storage media to avoid outdated storage/retrieval devices.

8. Backup multiple copies in secured multiple locations

9. Encrypt files when wireless devices are used, and keep track of wireless connectivity to prevent accidental file sharing.

10. Record date and time when a piece of electronic data was originally recorded to prevent alteration or manipulations at a future date.

Ways of handling data
 

Data handling issues encompasses both electronic as well as non electronic methods

1. Electronic method: Electronic system includes computer, workstations and laptops, personals digital assistants (PDA), storage media such as video tape, diskettes, CD, DVD, memory cards and other electronic instrumentations.

2. Non-Electronic Methods: Non-electronic systems include paper files, journals, and laboratory notebooks.

ASSIGNMENT 

1. Explain the concept of data and information

2. State the types of data

3. State the two ways of handling data that we have.

4. Differentiate between data and information.